Bibliographie indicative – Esclavage et traite

  • E.A. Alpers, Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa : Changing Patterns of International Trade to the Later Nineteenth Century, London, Heinemann, 1975
  • Ed C. André, De L’esclavage à Madagascar, Paris, A. Rousseau, 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=4A8ZAAAAYAAJ
  • Ralph A. Austen, « The 19th Century Islamic Slave Trade from East Africa (Swahili and Red Sea Coasts) : A Tentative Census », Slavery & Abolition, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1988, pp. 21–44.
  • Ralph A. Austen, « The Mediterranean Islamic Slave Trade Out of Africa : A Tentative Census », Slavery & Abolition, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1992, pp. 214–248.
  • G. Austin, Labour, Land and Capital in Ghana : From Slavery to Free Labour in Asante, 1807–1956, Rochester, Rochester University Press, 2005

  • H. Brunschwig, « La troque et la traite », Cahiers d’études africaines, vol. 2, n° 7, 1962. pp. 339-346.
  • F. Burgat, De L’esclavage, Paris, Seuil, 1998

  • W.-E. Channing, De l’Esclavage, Paris, Charpentier, 1866
  • M. Chebel, L’esclavage en terre d’Islam : Un tabou bien gardé, Paris, Fayard, 2007
  • William G. Clarence-Smith, « The Economics of the Indian Ocean and Red Sea Slave Trades in the 19th Century : An Overview », Slavery & Abolition, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1988, pp. 1–20.
  • William G. Clarence-Smith, Islam and the Abolition of Slavery, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006
  • F. Cooper, From Slaves to Squatters. Plantation Labor and Agriculture in Zanzibar and Coastal Kenya. 1890-1925, New Haven, London, Yale University Press, 1980, 328 p.
  • M. Cottias, A. Stella & B. Vincent, Esclavage et dépendances serviles : Histoire Comparée, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2006
  • P. Curtin (ed.), Africa Remembered : Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade, Prospect Heights, Ill., Waveland Press, 1967
  • P. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade : A Census, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969
  • P.D. Curtin, Economic Change in Precolonial Africa : Senegambia in the Era of the Slave Trade, 2 vols., Madison, Wis., 1975

  • H. Dejust, L’esclavage, Paris, Durant et Pedone-Lauriel, 1873, 576 p. http://books.google.com/books?id=gyQyAQAAMAAJ
  • J.-M. Deveau, L’esclavage. Paris, Éditions UNESCO/NANE, 2006
  • G. Du Puynode, De L’esclavage et des colonies, Paris, Joubert, libraire de la Cour de Cassation, 1847, 223 p. http://books.google.com/books?id=8PdUAAAAcAAJ
  • J. Henry Dunant, L’esclavage chez les musulmans et aux États-Unis d’Amérique, Genève, Fick, 1863
  • G. Dupré, « Le commerce entre sociétés lignagères : Les Nzabi dans la traite à la fin du XIXe siècle (Gabon-Congo) », Cahiers d’études africaines, Vol. 48, 1972, pp. 616-658.

  • E.W. Evans & D. Richardson, « Hunting for Rents : The Economics of Slaving in Pre-colonial Africa », Economic History Review, Vol. 48, 1995, pp. 665–686.

  • H. Gemery & J.S. Hogendorn, The Uncommon Market : Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, New York, 1979
  • M. Gordon & C. Vlèrick, L’esclavage dans le monde arabe, VIIe-XXe Siècle, Paris, R. Laffont, 1987
  • Abbé Grégoire, De la traite et de l’esclavage des Noirs, présenté par A. Césaire, Paris, arléa, 2007, 67 p.

  • J.E. Inikori, « The Struggle against the Transatlantic Slave Trade : The Role of the State », in S.A. Diouf (ed.), Fighting the Slave Trade :West African Strategies, Athens, Ohio, 2003, pp. 170–198.

  • R. Law, « Trade and Politics behind the Slave Coast : The Lagoon Traffic and the Rise of Lagos, 1500–1800 », Journal of African History, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1983, pp. 321–348. [Extract : The rise of Lagos, which became the principal port of the ‘Slave Coast’ at the end of the eighteenth century, can only be understood by reference to the interaction between the European Atlantic trade and the indigenous canoe-borne trade along the coastal lagoons. European traders in the sixteenth century used the Lagos channel and the lagoon to approach the Ijebu kingdom, where slaves and cloth were purchased, but this trade lapsed in the seventeenth century. The Lagos settlement originated as a fishing hamlet, but was occupied as a military base by Benin around the end of the sixteenth century. Benin expansion to the west may have been designed to prevent European trade with Ijebu, in the interests of a Benin monopoly. Lagos remained formally subject to Benin until the nineteenth century, but the decline of Benin power in the eighteenth century left it effectively independent. European sources of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries attest trade in cloth and slaves passing along the lagoons through Lagos to Allada and Whydah in the west. Although this pattern of trade has been assumed to date back to pre-European times, it was more probably a consequence of the European presence, and more specifically of the westward drift of European interest along the coast from Benin after the sixteenth century. European traders began to show an active interest in the lagoon trade to the east of Allada in the early eighteenth century, and again began to explore the possibility of using the Lagos channel to approach the inland lagoons. Lagos developed as an Atlantic port from the 1760s, exporting slaves and Ijebu cloth, but its importance was limited by its remoteness from any major source of slaves. Its emergence as a major port in the late eighteenth century was due to the disruption of slave shipments from ports further west by military pressure from Dahomey, which led to the diversion of slave supplies eastward along the lagoons for shipment from Lagos]
  • R. Law (ed.), From Slave Trade to ‘Legitimate’ Commerce. The Commercial Transition in Nineteenth Century West Africa, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995
  • M. Lengellé, L’esclavage. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1962
  • Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery : A History of Slavery in Africa, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983
  • Paul E. Lovejoy (ed.), Slavery on the Frontiers of Islam, Princeton, Markus Wiener, 2004
  • Paul E. Lovejoy & D. Richardson, « Competing Markets for Male and Female Slaves in the Interior of West Africa, 1780–1850 », The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2, 1995, pp. 261–293.
  • Paul E. Lovejoy & D. Richardson, « British Abolition and its Impact on Slave Prices along the Atlantic Coast of Africa, 1783–1850 », Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, 1995, pp. 98–119.
  • Paul E. Lovejoy & D. Richardson, « Trust, Pawnship, and Atlantic History : The Institutional Foundations of the Old Calabar Slave Trade », American Historical Review, Vol. 104, 1999, pp. 33–55.
  • Paul E. Lovejoy & D. Richardson, « “This Horrid Hole” : Royal Authority, Commerce and Credit at Bonny 1690–1840 », Journal of African History, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2004, pp. 363–392. [Abstract : This article suggests that differences in local political structures and credit protection regimes largely account for Bonny’s displacement of Old Calabar as the principal slave port of the Bight of Biafra in the eighteenth century, despite Bonny’s reputation for being particularly unhealthy for Europeans. We argue that this displacement occurred in the 1730s, several decades earlier than previously thought. We suggest that this was made possible by the early growth and consolidation of royal authority at Bonny. The use of state authority to enforce credit arrangements in Bonny proved more effective than the mechanisms adopted at its closest rival, Old Calabar, where, in the absence of a centralized political authority similar to the monarchy at Bonny, credit protection before 1807 was based on pawnship]

  • P. Manning, Slavery, Colonialism and Economic Growth in Dahomey, 1640–1960, Cambridge, 1982
  • P. Manning, Slavery and African Life, Cambridge University Press, 1983
  • C. Meillassoux & S Bernus. L’esclavage en Afrique précoloniale, Paris, François Maspero, 1975
  • Joseph E. Morenas, Précis historique de la traite des noirs et de l’esclavage colonial, Genève, Slatkine Reprints, 1978, 423 p.

  • O. Petre-Grenouilleau, Les traites négrières, essai d’histoire globale, Paris, Gallimard, 2006, 733 p.
  • K. Polanyi, Dahomey and the Slave Trade. An Analysis of an Archaic Economy, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1966

  • E. Reynolds, Stand the Storm : A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, New York, Alison and Busby, 1985
  • R. Roberts, « The End of Slavery in the French Soudan, 1905–1914 », in S. Miers & R. Roberts (eds.), The End of Slavery in Africa, Madison, University of Wisconsin, 1980, pp. 282–307.
  • M. Rothstein, « The Antebellum South as a Dual Economy : A Tentative Hypothesis », in Eugene D. Genovese (ed.), The Slave Economies, volume II : Slavery in the International Economy, New York, John Wiley, 1973

  • J. Searing, West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce : The Senegalese River Valley, 1700-1860, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993
  • T. Walz, « Black Slavery in Egypt in the Nineteenth Century as Reflected by the Mahkama of Cairo », in R. Willis (ed.), Studies in West African Islamic History, Vol. I : The Cultivators of Islam, London, Frank Cass, 1979, pp. 129–159.
  • P. Weil & S. Dufoix, L’esclavage, la colonisation, et après : France, Etats-Unis, Grande-Bretagne, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 2005
  • H. William Worger, Nancy L. Clark & Edward A. Alpers, Africa and the West : A Documentary History from the Slave Trade to Independence, Phoenix, AZ, Oryx Press, 2001